Explain the purpose of confidence intervals in dose–response modelling and how they are used with BMD (BMDL) or similar estimates.

• A. Confidence intervals quantify statistical uncertainty around a BMD; the BMDL (lower confidence limit) is used as a conservative POD in risk assessment.
• B. Confidence intervals indicate the precision of the extracted dose values and are not used with BMD.
• C. Confidence intervals are irrelevant when selecting a Point of Departure.
• D. Confidence intervals are used to measure sample size only.

Answer: (A)